企业创新战略外文翻译文献

企业创新战略外文翻译文献 企业创新战略外文翻译文献 ( (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) ) 翻译之一：翻译之一： Choosing an innovation strategy: theory and practiceChoosing an innovation strategy: theory and practice AuthorAuthor：：Joseph T. Gilbert NationalityNationality：America DerivationDerivation：Business Horizons, Nov-Dec, 1994 Innovations come as both inventions and adoptions. They come in many types and vary greatly in complexity and scope. Companies attempting to 企业创新战略外文翻译文献 make a profit cannot continue for long periods without innovating. If they try, their customers will leave them for firms with more up-to-date products or services. It is an observed fact that different companies take different approachestotheuseofinnovationinattemptingtoimprovetheir perance. Both academic and practitioner publications in recent years have contained a great deal of writing about innovation, the subjects of which have ranged from comparisons of national patterns of innovation to studies of individual innovations. However, little has been published regarding one issue of both theoretical and practical importance: the innovation policy or strategy of individual firms. Business strategy as a field of study is concerned with how a company competes in its chosen business. It deals with the analysis of a firm s strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats presented by the firm s environment. Strategy looks toward consistent cution of broad plans to achieve certain levels of perance. Innovation strategy determines to what degree and in what way a firm attempts to use innovation to cute its business strategy and improve its perance. To choose an innovation strategy, managers might logically start by thinking about various kinds of innovations and their requirements. We shall discuss three major features of innovation, and analyze each in terms of distinct opposites, even though innovations found in the real world more often appear at various points between these opposites. Innovation is sometimes used in a limited sense to refer only to inventions (products, services, or administrative procedures that no other firm has introduced).More often, however, it applies in a more general sense that includes both invention as described above and imitation (adoption by a firm of a product, service, or administrative procedure that is not an invention but is new to that firm). We use the term in this second sense. Innovations can be characterized in a variety of ways. In the following 企业创新战略外文翻译文献 sectionswewillreviewthreewaysofdescribinginnovations: incremental/radical; first mover/late mover; and imitative/inventive. The three categories are not mutually exclusive. However, each points to a different feature of innovation and reveals insights not found as readily in the other two. DEGREE OF INNOVATION--FROM RADICAL TO INCREMENTAL How new or different does something have to be before it can be called an innovation at all? If a paint company that currently offers 12 shad