戴炜栋简明语言学教程配套笔记-自己整理版

Chapter 1Chapter 1IntroductionIntroduction are ed; ② Hypotheses are ulated;② Hypotheses are ulated; { { ③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations;③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations; ④ A linguistic theory is constructed.④ A linguistic theory is constructed. [B][B] TheThe scopescope ofof linguistics Generallinguistics General linguisticslinguistics 普通语言学普通语言学:the studyof languageas a whole 从整体研究 : the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified) : : is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. (How sounds systems and function to convey meaning) : the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to words (how morphemes are combined to words) : the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to sentences) : the study of meaning in abstraction ? : the study of meaning in context of use Sociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind Applied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics [C] Some important distinctions in linguistics[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性与描写性规定性与描写性 The description of a language as it changes throughthrough time. ③ Speech and w③ Speech and writingriting言语与文字言语与文字 Spoken language is primary, not the written ④④ Langue and paroleLangue and parole语言和言语语言和言语 Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de SausseF. de Sausse (sociological) @ Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community （指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统） Parole: refers to the realization of langue in actual use（指语言在实际运用中的实现） ⑤⑤ Competence and peranceCompetence and perance语言能力与语言运用语言能力与语言运用 Proposed by the American linguist N. ChomskyN. Chomsky (psychological) Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（理想的语言使 用者关于语言规则方面的知识） Perance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistics communication. （这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现） What is languageWhat is language 什么是语言什么是语言 \ \ [A] The definition of language[A] The definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. ( 语言是一个语言是一个 具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。) ) a) System: combined together according to rules （根据规则组合在一起） b) Arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for（语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系） c) Vocal: the primary medium is sound for all