戴炜栋简明语言学教程配套笔记-自己整理版

Chapter 1Chapter 1IntroductionIntroduction are ed; ② Hypotheses are ulated;② Hypotheses are ulated; { { ③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations;③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations; ④ A linguistic theory is constructed.④ A linguistic theory is constructed. [B][B] TheThe scopescope ofof linguistics Generallinguistics General linguisticslinguistics 普通语言学普通语言学the studyof languageas a whole 从整体研究 the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds or the study of the phonic medium of language How speech sounds are produced and classified is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. How sounds systems and function to convey meaning the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to words how morphemes are combined to words the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to permissible sentences how morphemes and words are combined to sentences the study of meaning in abstraction the study of meaning in context of use Sociolinguistics the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind Applied linguistics the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics [C] Some important distinctions in linguistics[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性与描写性规定性与描写性 The description of a language as it changes throughthrough time. ③ Speech and w③ Speech and writingriting言语与文字言语与文字 Spoken language is primary, not the written ④④ Langue and paroleLangue and parole语言和言语语言和言语 Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de SausseF. de Sausse sociological Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community （指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统） Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use（指语言在实际运用中的实现） ⑤⑤ Competence and peranceCompetence and perance语言能力与语言运用语言能力与语言运用 Proposed by the American linguist N. ChomskyN. Chomsky psychological Competence the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（理想的语言使 用者关于语言规则方面的知识） Perance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistics communication. （这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现） What is languageWhat is language 什么是语言什么是语言 \ \ [A] The definition of language[A] The definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是一个语言是一个 具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。 a System combined together according to rules （根据规则组合在一起） b Arbitrary no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for（语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系） c Vocal the primary medium is sound for all