岩石地基工程汇总
第 7 章岩石地基工程 ··················································································· 243 §7.1概述·························································································· 243 §7.2岩石地基的变形和沉降 ····································································· 244 7.2.1岩石地基中的应力分布 ······························································ 244 7.2.2岩石地基的沉降 ······································································· 248 §7.3岩石地基的承载力 ··········································································· 254 7.3.1规范方法 ················································································ 254 7.3.2破碎岩体的地基承载力 ······························································ 255 7.3.3具有埋深的基础 ······································································· 256 7.3.4承载力系数 ············································································· 257 7.3.5边坡岩石地基 ·········································································· 258 7.3.6缓倾结构面岩石地基的承载力 ····················································· 259 7.3.7双层岩石地基承载力 ································································· 260 7.3.8岩溶地基承载力 ······································································· 262 §7.4岩石地基的稳定性 ··········································································· 264 7.4.1岩基的抗滑稳定······································································ 264 7.4.2岩基的加固措施 ······································································· 266 习题··································································································· 266 243 第第 7 7 章章岩石地基工程岩石地基工程 §7.1概述 所谓岩石地基, 是指建筑物以岩体作为持力层的地基。 人们通常认为在土质地基上修建 建筑物比在岩石地基上更具有挑战性, 这是因为在大多数情况下, 岩石相对于土体来说要坚 硬很多,具有很高的强度以抵抗建筑物的荷载。 例如,完整的中等强度岩石的承载力就足以 承受来自于摩天大楼或大型桥梁产生的荷载。 因此, 国内外基础工程的关注重点一般都在土 质地基上, 对于岩石地基工程的研究相对来说就少得多, 而且工程师们都倾向认为岩石地基 上的基础不会存在沉降与失稳的问题。 然而, 工程师们在实际工程中面对的岩石在大多数情 况下都不是完整的岩块,而是具有各种不良地质结构面,包括各种断层、节理、裂隙及其填 充物的复合体,称之为岩体。同时岩体还可能包含有洞穴或经历过不同程度的风化作用, 甚 至非常破碎。 所有这些缺陷都有可能使表面上看起来有足够强度的岩石地基发生破坏, 并导 致灾难性的后果。 由此,我们可以总结出岩石地基工程的两大特征: 第一,相对于土质地基,岩石地基可 以承担大得多的外荷载; 第二, 岩石中各种缺陷的存在可能导致岩体强度远远小于完整岩块 的强度。 岩体强度的变化范围很大, 从小于 5MPa 到大于 200MPa 都有。 当岩石强度较高时, 一个基底面积很小的扩展基础就有可能满足承载力的要求。 然而, 当岩石中包含有一条强度 很低且方位较为特殊的裂隙时, 地基就有可能发生滑动破坏, 这生动地反映了岩石地基工程 的两大特征。 由于岩石具有比土体更高的抗压、 抗拉和抗剪强度,因此相对于土质地基, 可以在岩石 地基上修建更多类型的结构物, 比如会产生倾斜荷载的大坝和拱桥, 需要提供抗拔力的悬索 桥,以及同时具有抗压和抗拉性能的嵌岩桩基础。 为了保证建筑物或构筑物的正常使用, 对于支撑整个建筑荷载的岩石地基, 设计中需要 考虑以下三个方面的内容: (1)基岩体需要有足够的承载能力,以保证在上部建筑物荷载作用下不产生碎裂或蠕变 破坏; (2)在外荷载作用下,由岩石的弹性应变和软弱夹层的非弹性压缩产生的岩石地基沉降 值应该满足建筑物安全与正常使用的要求; (3)确保由交错结构面形成的岩石块体在外荷载作用下不会发生滑动破坏,这种情况通 常发生在高陡岩石边坡上的基础工程中。 与一般土体中的基础工程相比, 岩石地基除了应该满足前两点, 即强度和变形方面的要 求外,还应该满足第三点,即地基岩石块体稳定性方面的要求, 这也是由岩石地基工程的重 要特征——地基岩体中包含各种结构面决定的。 由于岩石地基具有承载力高和变形小等特点,因此岩石地基上的基础形式一般较为简 单。 根据上部建筑荷载的大小和方向, 以及工程地质条件, 在岩石上可以采取多种基础型式。 目前对岩石地基的利用,主要有以下几种方法: (1)墙下无大放脚基础:若岩石地基的岩石单轴抗压强度较高,且裂隙不太发育,对于 砌体结构承重的建筑物,可在清除基岩表面风化层上直接砌筑,而不必设基础大放脚。 (图 7-1a) 244 (a) 墙下无(b)预制柱的(c)锚杆基础(d)嵌岩桩基础 大放脚基础岩石杯口 图 7-1岩石地基上的基础类型 (2)预制柱直接插入岩体:以预制柱承重的建筑物,若其荷载及偏心矩均较小