高中英语复合句知识点总结
英语基础概念:主句+从句=复合句 1有关概念 由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句构成的句子叫做复合句。所谓主句,就是在复合句中起统领作用的句子,它是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;而从句则是复合句的一个句子成分,不能独立存在。如: You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。 The police learned that he wasn’t there at that time. 警察获知他那时不在场。 这两句都是复合句,第一句的主句是You’ll feel better,从句是after you take the pills,由after引导,在整个复合句中用作状语,表示时间;第二句的主句是The police learned是主句,that he wasn’t there at that time是从句,由that引导,在整个复合句中用作宾语。 注意,英语的复合句不是简单句的反面,不要将它误解为“复杂句”。事实上,英语的简单句有时也可以比较“复杂”,而复合句也可以比较“简单”。如: He stopped because he was tired. 他停下来是因为他累了。 这个句子比较“简单”,却是一个典型的复合句,其中的he stopped是主句,because he was tired是从句,在复合句中用作状语,表示原因。 2从句的分类 前面我们说到从句是整个复合句的一个句子成分,它可以用作主语、宾语、定语、状语等。一般说来,一个从句在复合句充当什么成分我们就叫它为什么从句——从句在复合句用作主语,我们就叫它为主语从句;从句在复合句用作宾语,我们就叫它为宾语从句;从句在复合句用作状语,我们就叫它为状语从句;等等。 如: He answered that he knew nothing about it. 他回答说他不知情。 The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。 He was rather pleased when he won that prize. 他获奖后相当高兴。 She was not in the train that arrived just now. 她不在刚到的那列车上。 第一句中的that he knew nothing about it为宾语从句,因为它在复合句中用作动词answered的宾语;第二句中的that I have lost his address为表语从句,因为它在复合句中用在连系动词is后作表语;第三句中的when he won that prize为状语从句,因为它在复合句中用状语,表示时间,所以也叫时间状语从句;第四句中的that arrived just now为定语从句,因为它在复合句中用作定语,修饰名词the train。 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. I ll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案:例1 D,例2 A 例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held. 在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。 语法小知识:主将从现的标志词 主将从现是一种出现在状语从句中的语法现象,多指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,当主句是一般将来时态,则从句要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。 因为主将从现出现在状语从句中,在这里我们就以状语从句的几个类别为根据来列举主将从现的标志性词语。 时间状语从句 when, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as, while, as, before, after 如:I will be a math teacher when I grow up. 条件状语从句 if, unless, as(so)long as 如:If I have extra money, I will pay the bill for you. 原因状语从句 because, since, as, for, now that 如:The tutor will leave here now that you have no problems. 让步状语从句 though, although, even if, even though, however 如:Though you have advantages in this match, I will not give up. 目的状语从句 in order that, so that, that 如:In order that Lily can get the prize, we will have a planin detail. 在条件状语从句中,如果主语是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时。 一个句子的中心意思体现在主句中,所以判断是否使用主将从现首先要做的是区分主从句。当找到主句,分析其时态为一般将来时或借助某些结构表达将来含义时,则从句使用一般现在时态