笔记-新编简明英语语言学教程-复习资料

Chapter oneIntroduction 一、定义 1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学 General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性 （创造性） Duality 双重性 Displacement 移位性 Cultural transmission 文化传递 5.语言能力 Competence （抽象） Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用 perance（具体） Perance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。 7.历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language overa period of time. 8.共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language ata given time. 9.语言 langue （抽象） The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语 parole （具体） The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性 Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic studydescribes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者： ⑴瑞士语言学家 F.de Saussure :Langue 和 parole 的区别 ⑵美国语言学家 N.Chomsky :in1950 针对 Saussure’s langue the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken of language as primary, but not the written . Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken ; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written. Langue and parole 语言和言语 The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics. Competence and perance 语言能力和语言运用 Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the