定语从句语法讲解
Unit 9语法导学案:定语从句专题讲解 一、 基本概念: 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有:that, who, whom, whose, which,as 关系副词有:when, where, why. 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,全部格whose)等,关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。定语从句的谓语动词由先行词来确定。三、定语从句的分类 依据定语从句及先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句及从句不用逗号分开,从句不行省去,非限制性定语从句主句及从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法 关系代词 指代 在定语从句中的作用 that 既指人,也指物 主语、宾语 which 指物(相当于that) 主语、宾语 who 指人(相当于that) 主语 whom 指人 宾语 whose 既指人,也指物 定语 1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不行省略,作宾语可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜爱温柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语) 2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不行省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站旁边的那 座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语) 3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.常常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在及李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 留意: (1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如: This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告知我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。 (2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不行前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。 (3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市特别远。 (4)关系词只能用that的状况: a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。 b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清晰记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 e.以who或which引导的特别疑问句,为避开重复,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。 (5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的状况: a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如: What‘s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。 c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很兴奋。五、关系副词的用法 (1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常有:time, day, morning, night, week, year 等 例如:This was the time wh