英语动词不定式的完成体解读
英语动词不定式的完成体解读 动词不定式的时态上可分为三种,即:一般式to do, to be done;进行式to be doing; 完成式 to have done, to have been done;完成进行式 to have been doingo 下面谈谈不 定式的完成体。 一、动词不定式的完成体 (1)如果不定式表示的动作是瞬间动作时,它表示一个在现在或过去某时之前已经完成 的动作;如果是延续性动词,它表示一个一直持续到现在或过去某时的动作。 A. 常见的可接不定式的完成体的有:happen, see, appear, prove, pretend, seem等。 例如: They seem to have experienced a destructive earthquake.他们似乎已经历了一场 毁灭性的地震。(表示事情已经发生) My grandmother appeared to have lived a happy life,我奶奶似乎一直过得很幸 福。(她的幸福生活一直持续到现在) B. 常见的可用于“主语+ be said + to have done/been“,相当于主动句“People say that .・・“, 类彳以的结构有:be reported /thought/supposed/expected/believed/c onsidered/known 等。例如: Her husband is said to have given up smoking.据说她丈夫已经戒烟了。(戒烟发生 在“据说”之前) The young girl is reported to have served the club for five years.据说那个 小姑娘已经在这个俱乐部服役五年了。(不定式表示谓语动作所处的状态) C. 常见的可以接不定式完成体的形容词有:glad, happy, sad, disappointed, satis fied, sorry, surprised 等。例如: I m sorry to have given you so much trouble.对不起,给您添了那么多的麻烦。 We are disappointed to have known that our team lost the game.知道了我们队 输了这场比赛,我们很失望。 试比较下面不定式的一般式和完成式的区别: F m happy to have seen you.见到你很高兴。(分手时说的话) r m happy to see you.见到你很高兴。(见面时说的话) I m sorry to keep you waiting for a moment.对不起,要请你等一会。(说话时还 未等) I m sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.对不起,让你等久了。(说 话时已经等了很久了) (2)be +不定式完成时态表示本该做或想做但又未做的动作。例如: You were to have arrived there early that day._那天你们应该早点儿到那。(但 你们晚到了。) I was to have helped him then, but I was too busy.那时我本想帮他的忙,可我太 忙了。(未帮他的忙) (3)表示“意图,打算“之意的动词如 hope, wish, expect, think, suppose, want, plan, agree, mean, try等用过去时,后接不定时完成时做宾语时,表示想做而未做成的 事情。这种意义也可用这类词的“过去完成时+不定式的一般式”来表达。例如: We wished to have put out the fire in thirty minutes.(二 We had wished to pu t out the fire in thirty minutes.)我们本打算半小时就把火扑灭的。(结果没有) The engineers planned to have removed the temple before the dam was complet ed. (=The engineers had planned to remove the temple before the dam was complete d.)工程师们决定大坝建成之前把那座寺庙移走。 二、动词不定式的完成进行体 动词不定式的完成进行体表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,并一直在进行着。其 结构与不定式的完成体类似。如: He is said to have been translating Lu Xun s works into English.据说他一直 在把鲁迅的作品译成英文。(现仍然在译) He seems to have been teaching in that school for ten years.他似乎已经在那 所学校教了十年书了。(强调继续教) The kind-hearted millionaire is very happy to have been helping the disable d.那位善良的富翁一直在帮助残疾人,并为此感到非常高兴。(仍在帮助) We supposed to have been living here till our children grew up.我们原以为可 以在这一直呆下去,直到我们的孩子长大。(但我们家搬了) 三、动词不定时完成体的被动式 当主语与不定式的动词有被动关系,且不定式所表示的动作又先于谓语动词动作发生 时,动词不定式就要用完成体的被动式。例如: The book is said to have been translated into many languages._据说那本书已 被译成了多种语言。 The oranges were thought to have all been sold out.人们认为桔子已经全部卖光 To He is very sad to have lost four relatives in the earthquake._他为这次地震 中失去了四位亲人而感到十分痛心。