英语动词不定式的完成体解读

英语动词不定式的完成体解读 动词不定式的时态上可分为三种，即一般式to do, to be done；进行式to be doing； 完成式 to have done, to have been done；完成进行式 to have been doingo 下面谈谈不 定式的完成体。 一、动词不定式的完成体 （1）如果不定式表示的动作是瞬间动作时，它表示一个在现在或过去某时之前已经完成 的动作；如果是延续性动词，它表示一个一直持续到现在或过去某时的动作。 A. 常见的可接不定式的完成体的有happen, see, appear, prove, pretend, seem等。 例如 They seem to have experienced a destructive earthquake.他们似乎已经历了一场 毁灭性的地震。（表示事情已经发生） My grandmother appeared to have lived a happy life,我奶奶似乎一直过得很幸 福。（她的幸福生活一直持续到现在） B. 常见的可用于主语 be said to have done/been,相当于主动句“People say that .・・, 类彳以的结构有be reported /thought/supposed/expected/believed/c onsidered/known 等。例如 Her husband is said to have given up smoking.据说她丈夫已经戒烟了。（戒烟发生 在“据说”之前） The young girl is reported to have served the club for five years.据说那个 小姑娘已经在这个俱乐部服役五年了。（不定式表示谓语动作所处的状态） C. 常见的可以接不定式完成体的形容词有glad, happy, sad, disappointed, satis fied, sorry, surprised 等。例如 I m sorry to have given you so much trouble.对不起，给您添了那么多的麻烦。 We are disappointed to have known that our team lost the game.知道了我们队 输了这场比赛，我们很失望。 试比较下面不定式的一般式和完成式的区别 F m happy to have seen you.见到你很高兴。（分手时说的话） r m happy to see you.见到你很高兴。（见面时说的话） I m sorry to keep you waiting for a moment.对不起，要请你等一会。（说话时还 未等） I m sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.对不起，让你等久了。（说 话时已经等了很久了） （2）be 不定式完成时态表示本该做或想做但又未做的动作。例如 You were to have arrived there early that day._那天你们应该早点儿到那。（但 你们晚到了。） I was to have helped him then, but I was too busy.那时我本想帮他的忙，可我太 忙了。（未帮他的忙） （3）表示意图，打算之意的动词如 hope, wish, expect, think, suppose, want, plan, agree, mean, try等用过去时，后接不定时完成时做宾语时，表示想做而未做成的 事情。这种意义也可用这类词的“过去完成时不定式的一般式”来表达。例如 We wished to have put out the fire in thirty minutes.（二 We had wished to pu t out the fire in thirty minutes.）我们本打算半小时就把火扑灭的。（结果没有） The engineers planned to have removed the temple before the dam was complet ed. （The engineers had planned to remove the temple before the dam was complete d.）工程师们决定大坝建成之前把那座寺庙移走。 二、动词不定式的完成进行体 动词不定式的完成进行体表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，并一直在进行着。其 结构与不定式的完成体类似。如 He is said to have been translating Lu Xun s works into English.据说他一直 在把鲁迅的作品译成英文。（现仍然在译） He seems to have been teaching in that school for ten years.他似乎已经在那 所学校教了十年书了。（强调继续教） The kind-hearted millionaire is very happy to have been helping the disable d.那位善良的富翁一直在帮助残疾人，并为此感到非常高兴。（仍在帮助） We supposed to have been living here till our children grew up.我们原以为可 以在这一直呆下去，直到我们的孩子长大。（但我们家搬了） 三、动词不定时完成体的被动式 当主语与不定式的动词有被动关系，且不定式所表示的动作又先于谓语动词动作发生 时，动词不定式就要用完成体的被动式。例如 The book is said to have been translated into many languages._据说那本书已 被译成了多种语言。 The oranges were thought to have all been sold out.人们认为桔子已经全部卖光 To He is very sad to have lost four relatives in the earthquake._他为这次地震 中失去了四位亲人而感到十分痛心。