写作三四节精品
第三节写作方法与技巧 英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,通过写作,英语知识不断得 到巩固并内在化,有利于英语技能的全面发展。英语写作是语言应用的一个重要方面,也 是语言能力测定的重要手段,衡量写作水平的标准便是看其是否能用学过的语言材料,语 法知识等用文字的形式来表达描述。 总体来说,写作,即书面语言表达可分为三个过程,艮L 思维、组织、表达。首先是 把要写的东西思考一下,思考的结果往往是个别的、孤立的一些素材,很凌乱、琐碎;其 次要对素材进行组织、整理,使其条理、系统化,但结果还是较粗糙的,可能还有一些用 词不当或语言错误;最后才是表达,把组织过的材料仔细推敲,确无问题后再落笔成文。 在撰写时要注意主谓语一致,时态呼应,用词贴切等,这就是写作。上述的三个过程,最 难的就是第三个过程,这需要我们有较好的语法知识,掌握一定数量的句型,习惯用语, 熟练的写作技巧,这样才能写出通顺生动的文章来。 总之,要提高英语写作水平,需要两方面的训练:一是语言基础方面的训练,要有扎实 的造句、翻译等基本功,即用词法、句法等知识造出正确无误的句子;二是写作知识和能 力方面的训练以掌握写作方面的基本方法和技巧。 下面我们就从词汇短语、句子、段落、篇章、标点符号等方面来具体介绍英语写作中 要注意的方面。 一.词汇短语 一篇优秀作文的词汇应是丰富妥帖的,参加专业四级考试的学生应掌握认知词汇6000 个,积极词汇2500个。词汇的记忆离不开上下文的衬托,只有有了上下文,才能充分理解 所学的语言知识。在理解的基础上所学的语言知识是牢固持久的;而孤立地背单词、做练 习所得的知识是肤浅、短暂的。英语专业的学生应该通过大量阅读扩充词汇量,并在阅读 过程中记下各种表达方法。记下单词、短语的精彩句段,经常翻阅,做到熟能生巧。 除了积累文化教育、日常生活、经济发展、热点话题等方面的词汇外,还应牢记一些 写作中常用的衔接词,衔接此可以使文章结构紧凑,过渡自然,避免脱节现象。如: 1. 时间顺序:first, second, third, and then, finally, before, after a few days, at last, finally, eventually, at that time, later, in the past, since, ever since, from then on, soon after, afterward, until, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time, immediately, in the meanwhile o (1) . First, you mail in an application. Second, you ask for an appointment. Third, you send them three personal references. (2) . Then you come to a traffic light and turn right. 2. 空间顺序: near (to), far (from), in the front of, beside, behind, beyond, above, below, to the right, to the left, on one side, on the other side of, outside 3. 解释说明:now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact, for example, actually (1) . The problem, in this case, is hard to solve. (2) . Furthermore, several people telephoned the same night. 4. 强调:certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, indeed, necessarily, without any doubt, truly, undoubtedly,obviously (1) . Indeed, a dessert is always enjoyable. (2) . Above all, do not build an open fire in a forest. 5. 3艮布!J: but, however, although, though, yet, except for (1) . Yet there was still a chance that he would win. (2) . Except for one girl, all the hikers returned. 6. 举例:for example, for instance, thus, such, next, namely, specifically, also, such as, as an illustration, to illustrate (1) . For instance, a telegram often costs more than a telephone call. (2) . There are three colours in the British flag, namely, red, white and blue. 7. 递进或*卜充:in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, yet, moreover, what s more, besides, also, and, then, too, again, to make the matter worse, what s worse (1) .In addition, the tour stops in Vancouver. (2) . Furthermore, the time for registration has been extended. 8. 匕匕较:by comparison, equally important, like, likewise, just like, just as in the same way, similarly, too (1) . In the same way, we look for a good doctor. (2) . Equally important, the car drives thirty miles on a gallon of gas. 9. 对 匕或对照:but, but then, while, as opposed to ,unlike, whereas, on the other hand, instead, conversely, opposite to, in opposition to ,