12010-2017年上海高考英语完形填空真题-+答案

2017 年上海高考英语真题 1 / 15 2016 年 In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y . Theory X is the idea that peopleinstinctively（本能地）51work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work. In any case, despite so much evidence to the52, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,53, that their employees need constant supervision(监督， 管理) if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be （impose sth on sb 把…强加给某人）imposed from54without consultation（咨询） . This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的 ) managers. Different cultures have different ways of55people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to56to this process. This is management by the collective（集体的，共同的） opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58managers cannot. A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their owninitiative （首创精神，主动权）, to make decisions on their own without59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:60the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering（减少员工层） in this way, a company may be61with just a top level of senior managers, front -line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has62been the case. Empowerment and delegation 2 / 15 mean new s of management control to63that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less. Another trend is off-site（不在现场的） or64management, where teams of people linked by e -mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers uate the65of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them. 51. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 52. A. contrary 53. A. vice versa B. expectation B. for example C. degreeD. extreme C. howeverD. otherwise （反过来也是一样的） 54. A. outside 55. A. replacing B. insideC. belowD. above B. assessingC. managingD. encouraging （评价，估价） 56. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply （~+to 有助于） 57. A. agreement 58. A. bossy B. practiceC. electionD. impression D. maleB. experienced B. training C. western 59. A. asking 60. A. doubling 61. A. honored C. warning C. reducing C. crowded D. firing D. estimating D. compared B. maintaining B. left 62. A. economicallyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasionally （不够地，不够好地） 63. A. denyB. admitC. assume (假定，承担) 64. A. virtualB. ineffective B. risk