育才分流英语语法词法精品辅导
育才分流英语语法词法精品辅导 名词、主谓一致、介词、代词 名词 【要点点拨】 一.可数名词的复数构成规则: 1.规则变化:加-s,-es;辅音字母加 y 结尾的去 y 加 ies;把 f/fe 变成 ves; (1)keys,three Henrys;stomachs;safes;beliefs;proofs;roofs; gulfs;chiefs;heroes;potatoes;tomatoes;Negroes;dingoes A (2)缩写,数字,字母等在后面加 s 或 s 都可,如:some VIPs(VIP s);in his 50s/50 s;in the 1990s/1990 s;There are two t s in the word“letter“. 2.不规则变化: (1)men,children,feet,teeth,geese,mice;oxen 等; (2)单复数形式相同:sheep;deer;fish;means;works(工厂);Chinese; Japanese;Swiss;(teas,fruits,fishes,metals 等表示种类); (3)只有复数形式:trousers,glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物); clothes;ashes;contents(目录);goods;customs(海关);arms(武器); (4)复合名词的复数形式:shoe shops;lookers-on;grown-ups; passers-by;daughters-in-law (5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:Chinese/Japanese)B:把 man 变成 men:Englishmen;Frenchmen;C:其它加 s(包括 Germans) 一、不可数名词 1.量的表示:用 some/a little/much 等表示数量的词(组)及单位名词(量 词),用得较多的有 piece,article,bottle,head,loaf,bar 等:a piece of advice/bread/news/ination/equipment/chalk/cloth/clothing/music/wo rk/furniture/paper/wood/baggage;a loaf of bread ;a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle 2.不可数名词具体化:These games are great successes;The party was agreat success. 二、名词的所有格: 1.表示有生命的名词后加 s,如一样东西为几人共有,则在最后一个名词后 加 s:Jack and Tom s room(两人共有的房间);Jack s and Tom s rooms(两 人各自的房间);表示无生命的名词的所有格用 of 表示:the windows of the room; (但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加 s: China s industry;today s paper;ten minutes walk) 2.表示“某人家里““某店铺“等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词:at my aunt s(house);at the doctor s(office);go to the chemist s(shop); 3.双重所有格:a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/a few/no/every/several/such/another/which 等+名词+of+…. s/名词性物主代 词(表示“部分“的概念或表示某种感情色彩,如:赞赏、讨厌等); 比较: a friend of her mother s 她母亲的一个朋友(强调她母亲的朋友中的一 位,为双重所有格) a friend of her mother 她母亲的朋友(强调两人间的关系,为 of 所有格) a picture of his brother s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张,照片上不 一定是他本人) a picture of his brother(他弟弟本人的一张照片,照片上就是他本人) 三、名词作定语修饰名词:前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用 途; (1)一般前面的名词用单数形式,复数加在后面主体名词上:shoe shop(s); story book(s);coffee cup(s);physics teacher(s);个别名词修饰另外一 个名词用复数形式:sales manager;sports meet;由 man/woman 与另一个名 词构成复合名词两者都变复数:men/women doctors; (2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义: a dust bag(a bag for dust)装灰尘的袋子/a dusty bag 布满灰尘的袋子 a chemical change 化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/a chemistry teacher(a teacher of chemistry)一个化学老师 a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/a golden watch 一只金黄色的表 五.英语中“很多“的表达: 只修饰可数名词:quite afew/a great many(of)/many/a(large/small)number of 只修饰不可数名词:a great deal of/a great amount of(great amounts of) 既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plenty of/a lot of(lots of)/a(large)quantity of/large quantities of 主谓一致 【要点点拨】 英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致,这就叫做主谓 一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近 一致原则。 1:either,neither,each,one,the other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,ever ything,everybody,everyone,no one,nothing,nobody 做主语时,谓语一般用 单数。 Neither of the two sentences is correct. Everything around us is matter. (注意:none,neither,all,any 作主语时,谓语可用单数,也可用复数, 具体取决于说话人的意思。) None of them owns/own acar. Neither of the boys are/is interested in geography. All are here.And all that can be done has been done. 2:表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积“等度量的名词做