英语语言学名词解释总结

Chapter 6 SemanticsChapter 6 Semantics Semantics:Semantics: it is generally defined as the study of inherence or intrinsic meaning, the meaning in isolation from the context. TheThe namingnaming theory:theory:命名论 it is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning proposed by Plato, which holds the view that the relationship between linguistic s and what they stand for is one of naming.Its defaultsIts defaults: firstly, the theory seems applicable to nouns only.Secondly, even within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all or things that do not refer to physical objects, but abstract notions. Finally, some words may have different meanings in different contexts while the same reference may have different names such as “the morning star” and “the evening star” TheThe conceptualistconceptualist theorytheory : 意念论 C. K .Ogden Richard created thethe semanticsemantic triangletriangle to show the indirect relationship between symbols and their supposed referents. Symbol:Symbol: it refers to the linguistic elements such as word or sentence. ReferentReferent: it refers to the object in the world of experience. ContextContext: it refers to what comes before and after a word, phrase, statement, etc. helping to fix the meaning; or refers to circumstances in which an event occurs. Contextualism :Contextualism : 情境论、语境论John Firth SituationalSituational contextcontext: it refers to the particular spatiotemporal situation in which an utterance occurs, the main components of which include, apart from the place and time of the utterance, the speaker and the hearer, the actions they are pering at the time, the various objects and events exists in the situation. The linguistic context: sometimes known as context, it includes a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word, which s part of the “meaning” of a word, and, also the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance. For example, the meaning of the word“paper” differs in the two collocations of “a piece of paper” and“a white paper” 。 Linguistic context also includes the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance. Bloomfiled defined the meaning of a language as theBloomfiled defined the meaning of a language as the“situation“situation in which the in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearerspeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” ” BehaviorismBehaviorism :行为主义 it is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behavior and discount mental activities. SenseSense :意义 it is the inherent meaning of the linguistic . ReferenceReference: 所指 it is what a linguistic refers to in the real physical world. DialectalDialectal synonyms:synonyms:方言同义词 they are the synonyms used in different regional dialects such as lift in British English and elevatorin American English . Stylistic synonyms:Stylistic