戴炜栋简明语言学教程配套笔记_自己整理版

Chapter 1Chapter 1IntroductionIntroduction What is linguistics?What is linguistics? 什么是语言学什么是语言学 [A] The definition of linguistics[A] The definition of linguistics LinguisticsLinguisticsis generally defined as the scientific study of language (对语言进行的科学研究) Process of linguistic study:Process of linguistic study: ①① Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are ed; Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are ed; ②② Hypotheses are ulated; Hypotheses are ulated; ③③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations; Hypotheses are tested by further observations; ④④ A linguistic theory is constructed. A linguistic theory is constructed. [B] The scope of linguistics[B] The scope of linguisticsGeneral linguisticsGeneral linguistics 普通语言学普通语言学: the study of language as a whole 从整体研究 1.Phonetics1.Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified) 2.Phonology2.Phonology: : is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. (How sounds systems and function to convey meaning) 3.Morphology3.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to words (how morphemes are combined to words) 4.Syntax4.Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to sentences) 5.Semantics5.Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction 6.Pragmatics6.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of use Sociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind Applied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics [C] Some important distinctions in linguistics[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ①① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性与描写性规定性与描写性 ②② Synchronic vs. Diachronic Synchronic vs. Diachronic共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性） The description of a language at some pointpoint in time; The description of a language as it changes throughthrough time. ③③ Speech and writing Speech and writing言语与文字言语与文字 Spoken language is primary, not the written ④④ Langue and parole Langue and parole语言和言语语言和言语 Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de SausseF. de Sausse (sociological) Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community（指一个话语 社团所有成员共有的语言系统） Parole: refers to the realization of langue in actual use（指语言在实际运用中的实现） ⑤⑤ Competence and perance Competence and perance语言能力与语言运用语言能力与语言运用 Proposed by the American linguist N. ChomskyN. Chomsky (psychological) Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（理想的