语法知识——句子成分

【本讲教育信息本讲教育信息】 一. 教学内容 语法复习（一）句子成分 句子成分句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义（一）句子成分的定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分 有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语（二）主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑 问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动 名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如 （三）谓语（三）谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓 语的构成如下 1、简单谓语由一个动词或动词短语构成。如He practicespractices running every morning. 2、复合谓语 （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如 Youmay keepmay keep the book for two weeks. He has caught has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如Weare studentsare students. （四）（四） 表语表语 表语用以说明主语的身份、 特征和状态， 它一般位于系动词 （如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语 从句表示。例如 （五）宾语（五）宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如 They went to see an exhibitionexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain preventedmeme from coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have I havefivefive.（数词） They helped the oldthe old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see menot to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular musiclistening to popular music.（动名词短语） Our teacher of English is anAmericanAmerican.（名词） Is it yoursyours（代词） The weather has turned coldcold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.exciting.（分词） Three times seven istwenty onetwenty one（数词） His job is to teach Englishto teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing footballplaying football.（动名词） The machine must be must be out of order.（介词短语） Time isupup. The class is overover.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroadthat he has never been abroad.（表语从句） During the 1990s, Americancountry musiccountry music has become more and more popular.（名词） WeWe often speak English in class.（代词） One-thirdOne-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swimTo swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） SmokingSmoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The richThe rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English testWhen we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It It is necessary to master a foreign languageto master a foreign language.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） 1 1 I think（thatthat））he is fit for his office.he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类宾语种类 （1）双宾语（间接宾语直接宾语） ，例如Lend me your dictionaryme your dictionary, please. （2）复合宾语（宾语宾补） ，例如They elected him their monitorhim their monitor. （六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子 的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为某些及物动词（如make 等宾语宾补） 。宾补可由名词、形 容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如 His father named himDongmingDongming.（名词） They painted their boatwhitewhite.（形容词） Let the fresh air inin.（副词） You mustn’t force himto lend his money to you.to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw herentering the roomentering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our citywhat your city is now.what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语（七）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示 （八）状语（八）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以 下形式表示 Light travels most quicklymost qui