戴炜栋简明语言学教程配套笔记_自己整理版精编版

最新资料推荐 Chapter 1Chapter 1IntroductionIntroduction What is linguisticsWhat is linguistics 什么是语言学什么是语言学 [A] The definition of linguistics[A] The definition of linguistics LinguisticsLinguisticsis generally defined as the scientific study of language 对语言进行的科学研究 Process of linguistic studyProcess of linguistic study ①① Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are ed; Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are ed; ②② Hypotheses are ulated; Hypotheses are ulated; ③③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations; Hypotheses are tested by further observations; ④④ A linguistic theory is constructed. A linguistic theory is constructed. [B] The scope of linguistics[B] The scope of linguisticsGeneral linguisticsGeneral linguistics 普通语言学普通语言学 the study of language as a whole 从整体研究 1.Phonetics1.Phonetics the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds or the study of the phonic medium of language How speech sounds are produced and classified 2.Phonology2.Phonology is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. How sounds systems and function to convey meaning 3.Morphology3.Morphology the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to words how morphemes are combined to words 4.Syntax4.Syntax the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to permissible sentences how morphemes and words are combined to sentences 5.Semantics5.Semantics the study of meaning in abstraction 6.Pragmatics6.Pragmatics the study of meaning in context of use Sociolinguistics the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind Applied linguistics the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics [C] Some important distinctions in linguistics[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ①① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性与描写性规定性与描写性 ②② Synchronic vs. Diachronic Synchronic vs. Diachronic共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性） The description of a language at some pointpoint in time; The description of a language as it changes throughthrough time. ③③ Speech and writing Speech and writing言语与文字言语与文字 1 最新资料推荐 Spoken language is primary, not the written ④④ Langue and parole Langue and parole语言和言语语言和言语 Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de SausseF. de Sausse sociological Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community（指一个话语 社团所有成员共有的语言系统） Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use（指语言在实际运用中的实现） ⑤⑤ Competence and perance Competence and perance语言能力与语言运用语言能力与语言运用 Proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsk