新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料

Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学 General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness 任意性Productivity 多产性Duality 双重性 Displacement 移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 The design features mentioned in the course book include arbitrariness, productivity or creativity, duality, displacement and cultural transmission. By arbitrariness it is meant that the symbols used in human language are arbitrary, i.e. there is no logical connection between the symbols and what they stand for. The feature of productivity means that language is productive or creative, i.e. it is possible for its users to construct and understand an unlimited number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. Duality is a feature of the structure of the human language system, which consists of two levels. At the lower level there exist a limited number of sounds which are meaningless, while at the higher level these meaningless sounds can be arranged and rearranged in various ways to meaningful language units, unlimited in number. The feature of displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or unreal, in the past, present, or future. Cultural transmission, in contrast to genetic transmission, refers to the fact that human babies, though born with the ability to acquire a language, must be taught to use it. 5.语言能力 Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用 perance Perance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学 synchronic linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言 langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语 parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性 Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 1. Language is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者 ⑴瑞士语言学家 F.de Saussure F.de Saussure Langue和 parole 的区别 ⑵U.S.A linguist N. Chomsky美国语言学家 N. Chomsky in1950 针对 Saussure’s langue the obstruction created be