新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第四章笔记和习题

WORD 格式 Chapter 4Chapter 4SyntaxSyntax What is syntaxWhat is syntax ----a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to sentences and the rules that govern the ation of sentences. The term syntax is from the ancient Greek word syntaxis, which literally means“ arrangement ” or out together”. Traditionally, it refers to the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which words, with or without appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of meaning within the sentence. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that analyzes the structure of sentencesa branch of linguistics that analyzes the structure of sentences . What is a sentenceWhat is a sentence Syntax is the analysis of sentence structure. A sentence is a sequence of words arranged in a certain order in accordance with grammatical rules. A sequence can be either well-ed or ill-ed. Native speakers of a language know intuitively what strings of words are grammatical and what are ungrammatical. Knowledge of sentence structureKnowledge of sentence structure Structural ambiguity Structural ambiguity is one or more strings of words has/have more than one meaning. For example, the sentenceTom said he would come yesterdaycan be interpreted in different ways. Word order Different arrangements of the same words have different meanings. For example, with the words Tom, loveand Mary, we may sayTom loves Mary or Mary loves Tom. Grammatical relations Native speakers know what element relates to what other element directly or indirectly. For example, in The boats are not big enough and We don’ t have enough boats, the word enough is related to different words in the two sentences. Recursion The same rule can be used repeatedly to create infinite sentences. For example,I know that you are happy. He knows that I know that you are happy. She knows that he knows that I know that you are happy. Sentence relatedness Sentences may be structurally variant but semantically related. Syntactic categories A syntactic category is a class of words or phrases that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality. For example, consider the following sentences The child found the knife. A policeman found the knife. The man who just left herefound the knife. He found the knife. All the italicized parts belong to the same syntactic category called noun phrase NP. The noun phrases in these sentences function as subjectThe. knife, also a noun phrase, functions as object. Traditional grammarTraditional grammar In traditional grammar, a sentence is considered a sequence of words which are classified into parts of speech. Sentences are analyzed interms ofgrammatical functions of words subjects, objects, verbs predicates, predicatives, Structural grammarStructural grammar Structural grammar arose out of an attempt to deviate from traditional grammar. It deals withthe inter-relationships of different grammatical units. In the concern of structural grammar, words are not