语言点知识点补充
第六节 语义学 (SEMANTICS) Synonymy Dialectal synonyms Stylistic synonyms Emotive synonyms (情感同义词) Collocational synonyms (搭配同义词)如accuse (of) - charge ・..with 4) Polesemy (一词多义) e・g. head in the dictionary Homonymy (同音洞形 异义) 1)Homophones (R|音异义词两个词读音相同[拼写不同]而意义不同)e・g. meatmeet sunson sightcite flowerflour 2)Homographs (同形异义词两个词拼写相同【读音不同】而意义不同)e・g. bow [bau] -bow leadlead 3)Complete homonymys (完全同音同形异义词两个词读音拼写都相同而意义不同) bank (of money)bank (of river) pupil (student)pupil (of the eye) * 一词多义和同形异义的区分 一词多义从一个原始意义派生出多个有一定联系的意义 同形异义可能是由偶然因素造成的,意义之间没有关系 第七节语用学 Sentence meaning (句子意义) utterance meaning (话语意义)的概念 句子意义;抽象的,非语境化 话语意义具体的,受语境制约的。它是一个句子的抽象意义在一个真实的交际语境中的实 现。 John Searle发展和深化了 Austin的言语行为研究,把言外行为(illocutionary atcs)分成五 类一辅以例子理解记忆 Representatives (阐述类一陈述,信念,发誓,假定) (I think) The earth is a globe. Directives (指示类) Your money or your life Commissives (承诺类) I promise to come Expressives (表达类,感情态度,道歉,致谢,祝贺等) Fm sorry for the mess I have made Declarations (宣告类)I declare the meeting open. /1 fire you. Sociolinguistics (社会语言学)里几个重要概念 1. Sociolinguistics 2. Dialect (方言)语言的一种变体,一个国家的某个地区使用,或特定社会阶级的人使用, 在有些单词,语法或发音上不同于同一形式的其他方言。 3. Standard dielect (标准方言)是一种强加的有社会声望的某方方言,他是政府和司法和大 众媒体使用的语言。 3. Social dialect (社会方言)属于特定社会阶层的人所使用的一种语言变体。统一社会方 言的人一般有相同的社会经济背景或教育背景。 4. Idiolect (个人方言)个人在特定语言的整个体系内在说或写所显示出来的地域/社会背 景/性别或年龄特等特征 5. Euphemism (委婉语)用一次代替比较唐突的令人不快的另一词的表达方法。 6. Bilingualism (双语现象)个人或群体中至少使用两种语言。 7. Diglossia (双言现象)一个社团内同时存在一种语言的两种变体(two varieties of a language),每种变体用于不同的目的。通常情况下一种比较标准,称为高标 准语言(highvariety),主要用于政府,新闻媒介,教育和宗教活动,另外一 种一般为低标准语言(low variety),主要用于家里,朋友之间。 8. Pidgin (洋泾浜语)a special language variety that mixes or blends two or more languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. It has a limited vocabulary and a very reduced grammatical structure with the loss of inflections, gender and case, (simplified variety in trading and employment) 9 Creole (克里奥语)When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a Creole. 10. Lingua franca(族际通用语)is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people from diverse linguistic background. It must be agreed -upon common tongue used by people in social contact for various purposes, e.g. English in social and political situations. (incL native speakers) Language and culture Sapir-whorf Hypothesis (分 星火第一节) Language Acquisition 几个概念 1. Language acquisition 2. language transfer (positive and negative ) 例子分析 3. overgeneralization (过度类推) 4. Interlanguage (中介语) 5. Motivation (Instrumental and integrated)工具性动机和融入性动机 Neurolinguistics (神经语言学) The study of relationship between language and brain. 1)how structure of the brain influences language learning. 2)how and in which parts of the brain the language is stored 3)how damage to the brain affects the ability to use l