四级长难句

四级长难句 四级长难句 第一章定语从句 一、概念 汉语定语☞只能前置, 英语定语☞既可前置也可后置。 两者的不同,不仅表现在结构上,也表现在意义上。 英语中的定语从句有时从缘由、结果、目的或条件等方面对中心词加以限定。 因此,在对语法结构、上下文逻辑深刻理解的前提下,为了更明确表明这种逻辑关系,可将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。同时值得留意的是,定语从句与中心词之间常有分割成分,而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词常会被误认为定语从句的中心词。因此,遇到这种结构,确定依据上下文和常识进行推断。 译句时 可采纳提前译、依次译、分译或转译等法。 二、例题 1. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of science shows many instances/ in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down, as happened in cosmology, for example. 第一层 As far as the third factor is concerned 状从1, the history 主 of science 定 shows 谓 many 定 instances 宾 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful定从resistance to further investigation in some cases 状 centuries 主 elapsed 谓 before this resistance was eventually broken down, as 状从2 happened in cosmology, for example. 其次层 状从1 As far as 引 the third factor 主语 is 系 concerned 表语。定从 in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 谓 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 状 sistance to further investigation 状从2 before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 状 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology, for example 定语从句 第三层 定语从句 as 引 happened 谓 in cosmology, 状 for example. 插入语 要点 本句由两个分句构成,以分号连接。第一个分句的主干为the history of science shows many instances, in which引导的定语从句修饰instances, such ...as ...表结果,后接不定式；在其次个分句中,before 引出时间状语从句before this resistance was eventually broken down;代词as在此是关系代词,引出定语从句as happened in cosmology。 resistance反抗力；阻力。cosmology宇宙论,宇宙哲学 译文 至于第三个因素,科学史中有很多事例表明,权威的力气起到这样一种作用它给进一步的探讨设置了一道极其坚固的障碍；在很多状况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。例如,在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。 2. Behaviorists suggest /that the child// who is raised in an environment/// where there are many stimuli//// which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 第一层 Behaviorists 主 suggest 谓 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 宾语从句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 其次层 宾、语从句 that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定语从句 for appropriate responses will experience 谓 greater intellectual 定 development. 宾 第三层 定语从句 who 引 is raised 谓 in an environment 状 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定语从句 第四层 定语从句 where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定语从句 第五层 定从 which 引 develop 谓 his or her 定 capacity 宾 for appropriate 定 responses 要点 据上下文逻辑可看出,本句suggest的词义不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind, 所以译为的看法是。who引的定从饰child,据上下文语义关系,翻译成条件句；where引的定从修饰environment,用合译法译出；which引的从句饰s