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Journal of the European Ceramic Society 31 2011 2543–2550 Inkjet printing ceramics From drops to solid B. DerbySchool of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UKAvailable online 16 February 2011 Abstract Inkjet printing is a powerful microfabrication tool that has been applied to the manufacture of ceramic components. To successfully fabricate ceramic objects a number of conditions must be satisfied concerning fluid properties and drop placement accuracy. It has been proposed that fluids are printable within the bounds 1 Z 10 where Z is the inverse of the Ohnesorge number and these limits are shown to be consistent with ceramic suspensions delivered by piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printers. The physical processes that occur during drop impact and spreading are reviewed and these are shown to define the minimum feature size attainable for a given printed drop diameter. Finally the defects that can occur during the drying of printed drops are reviewed coffee staining and mechanisms and ologies to reduce this phenomenon are discussed. Keywords Inkjet printing; Shaping; Drying; Suspensions 1. Introduction Inkjet printing has major commercial applications in graph-ics output and other conventional printing operations. However, there has been developing interest in using inkjet printing to manufacture components with applications for displays,1 plas-tic electronics,2 rapid prototyping,3 tissue engineering,4 and ceramic component manufacture.5 A significant and fundamen-tal difference between these new applications and the more widespread application of printing text or images is the behaiour of the printed ink droplets on the printed substrate. Most images are constructed by the deposition of discrete droplets and, in order to optimise resolution and contrast, these droplets are iso-lated and do not contact each other. In contrast, many of the new applications for inkjet printing envisage the manufacture of continuous 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional structures 1-, 2-, or 3-D. Such structures require a continuous distribution of material and this necessitates contact and adhesion between individual drops after printing.Inkjet printing constructs objects by the precision placement of picolitre volumes of liquid and thus the initial interac-tion between printed material and a substrate is a liquid/solid interaction. Ultimately, the printed deposit undergoes a solid-ification process that can occur through solvent evaporation, temperature induced solidification/gelation or chemical reac-tion.Considerations of the relative timescales of drop spreading and solidification indicate that there will be a significant period of time after printing when a liquid is present on a surface6 and thus the morphological stability of coallescing liquid films must be examined, as must the effects of the solidification process. There has been a considerable number of publications on the use of